Week 33 – Introduction to Charts and Data Visualization

CLASS OBJECTIVE

Understand how charts help represent information visually and learn how to create simple bar charts, column charts, and pie charts using spreadsheet data.

Charts help users identify patterns, compare information, and communicate data more clearly.

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CLASS AGENDA

Introduction
Understanding how charts transform numbers into visual information.

Short Review
Remembering datasets, labels, and categories.

Explanation
Learning the purpose of bar, column, and pie charts.

Demonstration
Creating charts in Google Sheets.

Practice Activity
Students create and interpret charts.

Homework
Create a chart using personal or school-related data.

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1. Introduction

Imagine trying to explain your favorite music genres using only numbers.

Example:

Genre	Votes
Pop	12
Rock	8
Reggaeton	15

This information works… but it is not very visual.

Now imagine the same information represented as a chart.

A chart allows people to:

• Understand information faster
• Compare values more easily
• Identify patterns instantly

Charts transform data into visual communication.

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2. Short Review

Before creating charts, remember these concepts.

Dataset

A dataset is a group of organized information.

Example:

Category	Votes
Soccer	10
Basketball	5
Volleyball	8

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Label

A label identifies the information shown in a chart.

Examples:

• Soccer
• Basketball
• Volleyball

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Data Visualization

Data visualization means representing information visually to make it easier to understand.

Charts are one of the most common forms of data visualization.

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3. What is a Chart?

A chart is a visual representation of information.

Charts help us:

• Compare categories
• Identify trends
• Understand percentages
• Analyze information quickly

Different chart types are useful for different situations.

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4. Bar Chart

A bar chart uses horizontal bars to compare categories.

Common Uses

• Favorite sports
• Video game popularity
• Grades by subject

The longest bar represents the highest value.

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5. Column Chart

A column chart is similar to a bar chart, but it uses vertical columns.

Common Uses

• Monthly expenses
• Attendance
• Scores and grades

Column charts make it easy to compare values visually.

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6. Pie Chart

A pie chart represents parts of a whole using percentages.

Each section of the circle represents a category.

Common Uses

• Favorite food percentages
• Social media usage
• Time spent on activities

Pie charts are useful when showing how information is divided.

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7. Demonstration (Google Sheets)

Students observe the teacher creating charts step by step.

Steps

1. Select the data
2. Click:
   • Insert → Chart
3. Choose a chart type
4. Edit:
   • Title
   • Labels
5. Analyze the visual result

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Example Dataset

Category	Votes
Soccer	10
Basketball	5
Volleyball	8

Students observe how:

• The same data can create different chart types
• Each chart communicates information differently

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8. Interpretation Practice

Students analyze charts and answer questions such as:

• Which category has the highest value?
• Which category has the lowest value?
• Which chart is easier to understand?
• When would you use a pie chart instead of a bar chart?

This helps students develop data interpretation skills.

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9. Notes in Your Notebook

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a chart?
2. Why are charts useful?
3. What is the difference between a bar chart and a pie chart?
4. When would you use a column chart?
5. Which chart type do you think is easiest to understand? Why?

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KEYWORDS

Chart
A visual representation of information.

Bar Chart
A chart that uses horizontal bars to compare categories.

Column Chart
A chart that uses vertical columns to compare values.

Pie Chart
A chart that represents percentages or parts of a whole.

Data Visualization
The visual representation of information.

Label
Text that identifies categories in a chart.

Percentage
A part of a whole represented out of 100.

Dataset
An organized collection of information.

Week 31 & 32 – Logical Functions: IF() with AND() and OR()

CLASS OBJECTIVE

Understand how AND() and OR() can be combined with IF() to evaluate multiple conditions and generate automatic results in spreadsheets.

This allows spreadsheets to make more complex decisions.

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CLASS AGENDA

Introduction
How to make decisions with more than one condition.

Short Review
IF() function and comparison operators.

Explanation
How AND() and OR() work.

Demonstration
Using IF() with multiple conditions.

Practice Activity
Students apply logical functions.

Homework
Practice decision-making with multiple conditions.

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1. Introduction

Sometimes one condition is not enough.

Example:

A student passes only if:

• Grade ≥ 70
• Attendance ≥ 80

How can a spreadsheet evaluate both conditions at the same time?

We use AND() and OR().

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2. Short Review

Remember:

IF() Structure

=IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false)

The spreadsheet:

1. Evaluates a condition
2. Returns TRUE or FALSE
3. Shows a result

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3. What is AND()?

AND() returns TRUE only if ALL conditions are true.

Example

=AND(A1>=70,B1>=80)

This means:

• Grade ≥ 70
• Attendance ≥ 80

👉 Both must be true.

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4. IF() with AND()

=IF(AND(A1>=70,B1>=80),"Passed","Failed")

The spreadsheet checks:

1. Grade ≥ 70
2. Attendance ≥ 80

✔ If both are true → Passed
✘ If not → Failed

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5. What is OR()?

OR() returns TRUE if at least one condition is true.

Example

=OR(A1>=90,B1="Excellent")

This means:

• High grade
  OR
• Excellent evaluation

👉 Only one needs to be true.

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6. IF() with OR()

=IF(OR(A1>=90,B1="Excellent"),"Reward","No reward")

✔ If at least one condition is true → Reward
✘ If not → No reward

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7. Real-Life Example – Scholarship System

This is where it clicks fast for students.

Pass condition:

• Grade ≥ 85
• Attendance ≥ 90

=IF(AND(A1>=85,B1>=90),"Scholarship","No scholarship")

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Reward condition:

• Grade ≥ 95
  OR
• Perfect attendance

=IF(OR(A1>=95,B1=100),"Reward","No reward")

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8. Demonstration (Google Sheets)

Students observe:

1. Writing formulas with AND() and OR()
2. Combining them with IF()
3. Copying formulas
4. Changing values and watching results update

Students notice how spreadsheets evaluate multiple conditions instantly.

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9. Practice Activity

Students will work with a dataset (grades + attendance).

They must:

1. Create one formula using IF() + AND()
2. Create one formula using IF() + OR()
3. Generate results such as:
   • Passed / Failed
   • Scholarship / No scholarship
   • Reward / No reward

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10. Homework

Create a spreadsheet with at least 10 rows of data.

Upload to Google Classroom.

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11. Notes in Your Notebook

Answer:

1. What does AND() do?
2. What does OR() do?
3. What is the difference between AND() and OR()?
4. When would you use AND()?
5. When would you use OR()?

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KEYWORDS

IF()
A function that makes decisions.

AND()
Returns TRUE if all conditions are true.

OR()
Returns TRUE if at least one condition is true.

Logical Function
A function that evaluates conditions.

Condition
A logical test.

TRUE / FALSE
Possible results of a condition.

Multiple Conditions
More than one rule evaluated at the same time.

Week 30 – Logical Function IF() (Introduction)

CLASS OBJECTIVE

Understand how the IF() function works in spreadsheets and use it to evaluate conditions and generate automatic results based on TRUE or FALSE outcomes.

This allows spreadsheets to make decisions automatically.

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CLASS AGENDA

Introduction
How spreadsheets can make decisions.

Short Review
Comparison operators and conditions.

Explanation
Structure and logic of the IF() function.

Demonstration
Using IF() in real examples.

Practice Activity
Students apply IF() to simple data.

Homework
Practice decision-making formulas.

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1. Introduction

Imagine a spreadsheet that can automatically decide:

• If a student passed or failed
• If a product is expensive or cheap
• If attendance is correct or missing

Instead of checking manually, we can use a function that makes decisions for us.

That function is IF().

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2. Short Review

Before learning IF(), remember:

Comparison Operators

Operator	Meaning
>	Greater than
<	Less than
>=	Greater than or equal to
<=	Less than or equal to
=	Equal to

These operators help us create conditions.

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3. What is a Logical Function?

A logical function evaluates a condition and returns a result.

The IF() function works like a simple decision:

👉 If something is true → do one thing
👉 If something is false → do another thing

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4. Structure of IF()

The IF() function has three parts:

=IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false)

Explanation

• Condition → what we evaluate
• Value_if_true → result if the condition is TRUE
• Value_if_false → result if the condition is FALSE

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5. Examples

Example 1 – Pass or Fail

=IF(A1>=70,"Passed","Failed")

If the value in A1 is 70 or more → Passed
If not → Failed

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Example 2 – Attendance

=IF(B1="Present","✔","✘")

If the student is present → ✔
If not → ✘

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Example 3 – Budget Check

=IF(C1>100,"Over budget","OK")

If the value is greater than 100 → Over budget
If not → OK

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6. How IF() Works

When you use IF(), the spreadsheet:

1. Evaluates the condition
2. Decides if it is TRUE or FALSE
3. Returns the corresponding result

If the value changes, the result updates automatically.

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7. Demonstration (Google Sheets)

Students observe how the teacher:

1. Writes an IF() formula
2. Uses comparison operators
3. Applies the formula to a dataset
4. Copies the formula to other cells

Students notice how results change when values are modified.

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8. Practice Activity

Students will work with a small dataset (grades, attendance, or tasks).

They must:

1. Create at least two IF() formulas
2. Use comparison operators
3. Generate automatic results such as:
   • Passed / Failed
   • Yes / No
   • Complete / Incomplete

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9. Notes in Your Notebook

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the IF() function?
2. What is a condition?
3. What happens when a condition is TRUE?
4. What happens when a condition is FALSE?
5. Write your own example of an IF() formula.

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KEYWORDS

IF()
A logical function that evaluates a condition and returns different results.

Logical Function
A function that makes decisions based on conditions.

Condition
A logical test that can be TRUE or FALSE.

TRUE / FALSE
Possible results of a condition.

Comparison Operator
Symbols used to compare values.

Decision Rule
A rule that determines what result to display.

Week 29 – Absolute References and Review of Formulas and Functions:

CLASS OBJECTIVE

Review how formulas and functions work in spreadsheets and understand how absolute references ($) allow us to keep certain cells fixed when copying formulas across a table.

Using absolute references helps spreadsheets perform accurate calculations across multiple rows or columns.

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CLASS AGENDA

Introduction
Understanding how formulas behave when they are copied.

Short Review
Remembering how formulas, functions, and cell references work.

Explanation
Learning the difference between relative references and absolute references ($).

Demonstration
Observing how absolute references keep values fixed in calculations.

Practice Activity
Students apply formulas and absolute references in a spreadsheet.

Homework
Practice formulas, functions, and absolute references in a small dataset.

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1. Introduction

Imagine you are calculating the final price of several products, and each product has the same tax percentage.

You write a formula and copy it down the column.

However, the result becomes incorrect.

Why?

Because spreadsheets normally use relative references, which change automatically when the formula is copied.

To solve this problem, spreadsheets use absolute references.

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2. Short Review

Before learning absolute references, remember these key concepts.

Formula

A formula is a calculation written in a spreadsheet.

Example:

=A1+B1

This formula adds the values in cells A1 and B1.

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Function

A function is a built-in calculation tool that performs a specific operation.

Examples:

=SUM(A1:A5)
=MIN(A1:A5)
=MAX(A1:A5)
=AVERAGE(A1:A5)
=COUNT(A1:A10)

Functions help us perform calculations more efficiently.

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Cell Reference

A cell reference tells the spreadsheet which cell contains the data used in a formula.

Example:

A1
B5
C10

These references allow formulas to use values stored in different cells.

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3. Relative References

By default, spreadsheets use relative references.

A relative reference changes automatically when a formula is copied.

Example formula:

=A1+B1

If the formula is copied downward, it becomes:

=A2+B2
=A3+B3
=A4+B4

The spreadsheet automatically adjusts the references.

This behavior is useful in many situations, but sometimes we need certain cells to remain fixed.

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4. Absolute References

An absolute reference keeps a cell fixed when a formula is copied.

Absolute references use the $ symbol.

Example:

=$A$1

This means:

• The column A stays fixed
• The row 1 stays fixed

The reference will not change when copied.

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Relative vs Absolute References

Reference Type	Behavior
Relative reference	Changes when copied
Absolute reference	Stays fixed when copied

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5. Example Demonstration

The teacher demonstrates a simple table.

Price	Tax	Final Price
100	0.16	?
200	0.16	?
300	0.16	?

We want to calculate the final price including tax.

Example formula:

=A2*$B$1

Explanation:

• A2 changes when copied
• $B$1 stays fixed

When the formula is copied down:

=A3*$B$1
=A4*$B$1

The tax value remains the same, so all calculations work correctly.

Students observe how the spreadsheet keeps the tax cell fixed.

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6. Quick Review of Functions

The teacher briefly reviews previously learned functions.

Examples:

=SUM(A1:A5)
=MIN(A1:A5)
=MAX(A1:A5)
=AVERAGE(A1:A5)
=COUNT(A1:A10)

These functions also use cell references, which may be:

• Relative
• Absolute

Understanding references helps us build more powerful formulas.

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7. Practice Activity

Students will complete a spreadsheet exercise where they:

1. Use formulas to calculate totals.
2. Copy formulas across multiple rows.
3. Apply absolute references ($) to keep specific values fixed.

The activity will help students understand how formulas behave when copied.

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KEYWORDS

Formula
A calculation written in a spreadsheet.

Function
A built-in tool that performs a specific calculation.

Cell Reference
The location of a cell used in a formula.

Relative Reference
A reference that changes when a formula is copied.

Absolute Reference
A reference that stays fixed when a formula is copied.

$ Symbol
Used to create absolute references.

Range
A group of cells in a spreadsheet.

Week 26, 27, and 28 – Conditional Formatting and data validation

CLASS OBJECTIVE

Understand and apply Conditional Formatting in spreadsheets to automatically highlight data based on specific conditions.

Students will also learn the basic concept of Data Validation to control the type of information entered in a spreadsheet.

These tools help users identify patterns, reduce errors, and analyze information more efficiently.

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CLASS AGENDA

Introduction

Understanding how spreadsheets can automatically highlight important data.

Short Review

Remember what a spreadsheet cell, value, and range are.

Explanation

What Conditional Formatting and Data Validation are and why they are useful.

Demonstration

Creating rules in Google Sheets to automatically highlight data.

Practice Activity

Students apply formatting rules and create controlled input lists.

Homework

Apply conditional formatting and data validation to a small dataset.

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1. Introduction

Imagine you have a list of student grades.

Instead of reading every number one by one, a spreadsheet can automatically highlight the most important information, such as:

• Grades higher than 70

• Grades lower than 60

• Students who passed or failed

This is possible thanks to a tool called Conditional Formatting.

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2. Short Review

Before learning this topic, remember the following concepts:

• Cell: A single space in a spreadsheet where data is written.

• Range: A group of cells (example: A1:A10).

• Data: Information stored in a spreadsheet (numbers, text, dates).

Spreadsheets allow us not only to store information but also to analyze and organize it visually.

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3. Explanation: What is Conditional Formatting?

Conditional Formatting is a tool that automatically changes the appearance of cells when they meet a specific rule or condition.

This helps users quickly identify patterns or important values.

Example

A spreadsheet can automatically:

• Turn grades green if they are greater than 70

• Turn grades red if they are lower than 60

• Highlight specific words such as “Approved”

Instead of searching manually, the spreadsheet highlights the data instantly.

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Basic Comparison Operators

Conditional formatting rules often use comparison operators.

Operator	Meaning
>	Greater than
<	Less than
=	Equal to
<>	Not equal to

These operators allow spreadsheets to evaluate conditions automatically.

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4. What is Data Validation?

Data Validation is another spreadsheet tool that controls what type of data can be entered into a cell.

Instead of allowing any value, you can define rules for input.

For example:

• Allow only numbers between 0 and 100

• Allow only specific words such as Approved / Failed

• Create a dropdown list of options

Why is Data Validation useful?

• Prevents mistakes in data entry

• Keeps information organized

• Makes spreadsheets easier to analyze

Conditional Formatting shows patterns, while Data Validation controls the quality of the data.

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5. Examples

Highlight numbers greater than 70

Example rule:

Highlight values greater than 70 in a grade column.

Result: High grades become visually easier to identify.

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Highlight numbers lower than 60

Example rule:

Highlight values less than 60.

Result: It becomes easier to identify students who may need support.

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Highlight specific text

Example rule:

Highlight cells containing the word “Approved”.

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Apply a color scale

A color scale automatically changes the color depending on the value.

Example:

Low numbers → red

Medium numbers → yellow

High numbers → green

This helps visualize patterns in large datasets.

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6. Demonstration (Google Sheets)

Pay attention while the teacher shows the process step by step.

Students observe:

1. Selecting a range of cells

2. Opening Format → Conditional Formatting

3. Choosing a condition

4. Selecting a color style

5. Applying the rule

Examples demonstrated:

• Highlight numbers greater than 70

• Highlight numbers less than 60

• Highlight text equal to “Approved”

• Apply a color scale

Students also observe how formatting updates automatically when values change.

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7. Practice Activity – “Highlight the Data”

Students will work with a small spreadsheet containing grades or preferences.

They must apply at least three conditional formatting rules, such as:

• Highlight grades greater than 80

• Highlight grades less than 60

• Highlight cells with the word Approved

Students will also create one Data Validation rule, for example:

• A dropdown list with options:

  Approved / Failed

This ensures consistent data entry.

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9. Notes in Your Notebook

Answer the following questions:

1. What is Conditional Formatting?

2. What is a rule in conditional formatting?

3. What are comparison operators used for?

4. What is Data Validation?

5. How can these tools help analyze information faster?

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KEYWORDS

Conditional Formatting

A spreadsheet tool that changes the appearance of cells based on a rule.

Rule

A condition that determines when formatting is applied.

Condition

A logical test used to evaluate data.

Comparison Operators

Symbols used to compare values (> < = <>).

Data Validation

A tool that restricts the type of data that can be entered into a cell.

Range

A group of cells in a spreadsheet.